![cnu spss code cnu spss code](https://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1038%2Fs12276-020-00552-0/MediaObjects/12276_2020_552_Fig1_HTML.png)
![cnu spss code cnu spss code](https://1.cms.s81c.com/sites/default/files/case-studies/CNU_logo_01.jpg)
Two-dimensional echocardiography in the parasternal long axis of the LA enables the measurement of its anteroposterior linear dimensions in this way, LA enlargement can be defined as >40 mm for men and >38 mm for women. LA enlargement is a marker of both the severity and chronicity of diastolic dysfunction and the magnitude of LA pressure elevation. Enlargement of the LA is affected by the increased wall tension that results from increased filling pressure. The LA acts as a contractile pump that delivers 15-30% of LV filling and augments LV stroke volume.
![cnu spss code cnu spss code](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/20101221brochurecafr-111020072420-phpapp02/95/evaluatie-ca-2-ipss-spf-secu-1-728.jpg)
Previous studies have found that LV dysfunction and atrial fibrillation exert negative influences on cognitive function via a reduction in cerebral blood flow. There is a growing interest in the relationship between cardiac and cognitive functions, both of which are often impaired in the elderly, who constitute an increasing proportion of the general population. Hyperlipidemia was defined in patients taking lipid-lowering agents or having a total cholesterol level of >240 mg/dL or a triglyceride level of >200 mg/dL. Diabetes was defined in patients currently taking hypoglycemic agents or conforming to the diabetes criteria for blood-sugar testing and glucose tolerance examination. Hypertension was defined in patients who were currently taking anti hypertensive agents or had a blood pressure (BP) of >140/90 mm Hg recorded on two or more occasions during hospitalization or at an out patient clinic. 8 Twenty-three patients were diagnosed with Parkinson's disease with dementia (PDD) according to the diagnostic criteria of the Movement Disorder Society.
![cnu spss code cnu spss code](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/osstalk-160919053819/95/cnu-18-638.jpg)
Sixteen patients were diagnosed with subcortical ischemic vascular dementia (SIVD) using the diagnostic and research criteria for subcortical vascular dementia in clinical trials. Fifty-four patients were diagnosed with AD using the diagnostic criteria of the National Institute of Neurological and Communicative Disorders and Stroke-Alzheimer's Disease and Related Disorders Association. Ninety-three patients who underwent brain MRI and detailed cognitive and cardiac function evaluations at the memory clinic of Chungnam National University Hospital from June 2009 to June 2010 were enrolled prospectively. This study investigated the relationship between cardiac and cognitive functions in dementia patients, as well as the relevance of cardiac function to cerebral structural changes shown on brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) such as WMC, ventricular enlargement (VE), medial temporal atrophy (MTA), and cortical atrophy (CA). In addition, the relevance of cardiac function to cognitive function in dementia patients has yet to be evaluated. However, the possibility of systemic debility or accompanying complications secondarily affecting cognitive function exists in patients with severe cardiac dysfunction. Previous studies have evaluated the relationship between cardiac and cognitive functions only in patients with heart failure or end-stage cardiac diseases. 4, 5 In particular, diastolic dysfunction of the left ventricle is correlated with lower cognitive function in patients with diverse heart diseases. Several studies have shown that cardiac dysfunction is correlated with cognitive decline, and that serious cardiac dysfunction such congestive heart failure leads to severe cerebral white-matter changes (WMC) in patients with decreased cardiac output (CO). 2 According to recent studies, these vascular risk factors cause not only cerebrovascular diseases but also degenerative brain diseases such as Alzheimer's disease (AD). 1 Along with the growing number of elderly, there has been a concomitant increase in vascular risk factors such as hypertension, diabetes, and hyperlipidemia, which in turn have increased the incidences of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases. The South Korean population is becoming increasingly aged, with the proportion of those aged at least 65 years having doubled over the past two decades to now account for 11% of the total.